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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old, r6 q9 `, ?# D7 s
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
" W  a! O7 t' QExposure to Testosterone
9 I8 Z4 ]3 I. J- \$ I! VSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2* T4 w% w6 V! r! `
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1' g" ]3 Z$ ^2 S0 `5 v4 Q6 t
Clinical Pediatrics9 R$ ?  g- i8 M5 d! D: y: ^1 x
Volume 46 Number 6
) I0 ^$ L$ G  u) t/ zJuly 2007 540-543
0 Z$ E0 y. A+ ^, n. N4 s© 2007 Sage Publications2 g$ F4 A/ H, i, ?
10.1177/0009922806296651
6 k& ?8 R# }5 c9 F: o) ~+ J- j. [, Thttp://clp.sagepub.com
; \) j, r7 r  W. ^1 L8 D& phosted at
: s+ U$ e, ^0 L# C2 W' s# [http://online.sagepub.com
  A# v, _. b! J% B3 W1 ], f- PPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,. Z' L  d( d4 Y3 ~, J3 t
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
, M/ p1 p! a( N3 E5 o  r3 aprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
4 X6 I' W7 e( O4 L/ jthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has, ?6 [" H" u8 [2 j. v
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
$ |1 u& o% a' j; g: C1 Alesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& z9 N& j! T* N" O5 Zby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic( z% z$ J- e( d7 G6 H" u
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-' I  Z" v% H$ F- m+ d
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We4 }! {  Q6 R+ v5 X/ c; H& r
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
7 x$ q: P9 T+ X: G0 U* Q! denlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
/ S+ G; ~1 F) D6 Zment without testicular enlargement, which was due
. C0 f4 n; N9 ]9 p! e% o2 M+ pto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
% g# j8 A) E$ f+ e5 d4 o5 Ithe father. The family initially concealed this infor-+ G7 i/ X1 Q, Q" d" y
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
  H8 ~& {/ H, o) Gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of9 l$ X0 o- v. U( e, F
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
! s8 G/ R* T7 X6 _bly more common than the rare case report in the
; j( d( K9 m/ q8 N. Dliterature.4
* ?4 V# Z2 {. Z1 E- T( B' m3 qPatient Report
# X) ]2 \2 G1 S8 a& v# a9 GA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
3 O+ _% T8 o, Q$ n6 m7 V; s; ~endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern3 S& y9 P9 d& S* \+ \2 D
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
9 l8 t2 k: }/ ^/ y! o" Y' Llight colored pubic hair development when he was/ w. N8 S7 M3 d9 Z. h, X  X9 S
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of, m! @% R7 K, j
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama./ e! Y- S0 t5 H
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,8 d3 Z, y( r; Q( g* p$ A
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
5 d) b0 Z$ @+ h" `6 n2 }Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;9 E0 r1 Y/ i- u2 t6 a8 T
e-mail: [email protected].* ~1 N1 U" w3 A6 G3 F! P+ U
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became7 m: C( ]2 D4 y4 ?/ J- {+ c
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
+ l$ r, ?( i$ o  y. H4 kment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
" j) @* }0 O3 }5 ^  v: }/ E9 Twas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
9 }8 Z. y- |5 ]0 Z5 Oa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
) H, P' o% n# X- h# B1 J5 F20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
! c/ u$ u: @5 B6 `. B6 S4 v0 w2 }1 vof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
2 T5 m$ R- k, |* k* M8 F0 Xsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,1 N: J  S. E" ^  v* R
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
  b: i7 f. Y& u5 f6 m" @was age appropriate.
" G( i6 z$ l( t) R+ [0 L5 ~The family history was remarkable for the father,
  c; l5 X9 _% E! }; Lwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
/ y% A, U9 q; Q. H& L7 e' R5 Zwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s( p& V: C3 g1 n8 b4 k6 M4 \7 v' k
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat* ?4 A' Q, `8 X" T& R; \6 ]
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
' ?3 y; T/ O1 l2 TThe father denied taking any other medication. The7 W8 c% o  f+ e/ B
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche% C( {3 W( S& z3 H; _7 u; O9 ?' c  ]
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet/ V9 M$ Q6 w3 N) g/ S/ o) T
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-2 ]: ]6 y: S. n. d! n1 n4 ?
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-: _# q/ l7 x4 M) V: @( w# I( X
tives. There were no siblings.
$ H5 o) p8 _0 s9 KPhysical Examination) h1 M$ _( Z$ D7 R* C1 H4 L
The physical examination revealed a very active,
8 Z- I; P7 _6 _9 J, Z  x3 lplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
% R% V# S  j/ t! M: Oa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
; o1 d  m5 U# y( }7 A90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
- r/ ?5 G3 m; q3 o(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth. l" d+ [& Y& l' g! w9 F, a- F  d
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# F- `9 X, }7 q2 o& c: t
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.+ k) H$ T2 |7 Q5 r: x) q: D& Y
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for9 s' b- p4 m0 m- C$ r; C$ ]9 B
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 ]) m+ d, Q$ y: c: I" M3 X8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well8 ?' @! I, d% ?4 ?7 L5 h2 N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
2 c2 W3 b, r/ M" p7 ~540+ k1 c: y3 V/ G9 u; d, p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from5 Z2 q  ?1 }, l- q8 u; L$ R
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The# C5 e8 X$ J1 G% d
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.1 x" \& V. g  J1 w
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat6 _& z* U, F$ S! V
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 \" {4 I3 B9 e% xabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.# N4 [- |# [+ W% C+ s
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
+ a4 h" S( b# s1 h. B' R3 Pbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
7 n+ y" O6 ~" g# I  {( fof papilledema./ a5 T3 r0 a) n& C4 W$ j, n
Laboratory Evaluation+ c, H$ A4 ?1 [, N3 v
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by$ w* U& Y3 w3 M2 H; Y( W
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-) f. b/ y% N9 ?" v8 c) v! }
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal: m; n" ?. |2 J2 N) v
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
4 n, @+ M* h9 S" _showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-3 v: h3 i8 R: O) r
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
0 }* e. t- n# ^# ~" a, cThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
. x/ g, N$ x# K' R' a0 `$ Burea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% {# M; n5 @4 ~
within normal range for his age. The concentration
' B5 v9 C8 R8 `% M& L0 ~9 Sof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL) m& j% X" G. n6 z% w5 s4 G
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 201 z% U' ^# a4 e0 I; S7 z8 F
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
3 D& V4 L" M: T+ o. q+ ~7 mterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
3 @3 i( C& h# B: `5 Xdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* S! I5 X! G1 C' w; L3 Y$ e1 l49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
- v+ A: J0 y, `9 xwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
  x4 j8 [6 |. ltisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total- B9 g$ L5 H3 k2 ^
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),( A, c/ D* ^( ~: g5 I
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
, Z4 Z: Z# O: Z( Y  d+ Y# K7 G' b5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
* n7 N4 z3 \5 Z) N4 F$ D" H" Hstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone! t1 w) x7 G& g* {' c6 @2 d
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
5 ?3 [, e! z  m- _, ^(prepubertal).
2 j( A! _! p; h0 e" u" iThe parents were notified about the laboratory
; l4 A. B, m( Z0 p; vresults and were informed that all of the tests were
3 D2 S) K# h9 cnormal except the testosterone level was high. The" r' ?- `. ^7 B
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to. f, b  w1 q3 S) ?
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
( q" |& ~) d2 O& \* a& Y, |ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
, e% a  m/ t$ H% ?! r. }Physical examination at this time revealed that the
" E( G9 R6 ]8 @child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
. D/ i$ _9 ?4 Z2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
* a+ N( s0 C+ ?4 Vunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-+ B( X! `! R4 U3 w* ?$ G
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at" r' W% r7 p% u( s/ n% p( {+ {
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
% H7 s# m  k, h' X, T4 K/ y5 H4 \mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- _4 R$ O; z* [' ^( @9 \5 @. ]! ?
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-3 }) R2 E8 R1 A* r
ing frequent erections.' |* u+ g% F* H+ D+ x/ c
Both parents were again questioned about use of
& f, O  [) |' J7 b  q. H) Z7 S  h5 Bany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
' y8 I3 i# N! l$ P: M) G/ \, gthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
9 L0 R, w, D* e+ O) Z& ?% ]Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541! z( B- f" p$ a
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-" E2 I% r) u# Y& Q3 X% W
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for7 t; n! C; T/ j. G6 M' K
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
4 ~0 \! o# E5 O  j& M1 k, Z5 Z6 rto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-3 m" |2 u$ g& E8 M$ |1 H4 ~- A
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
$ S. n3 u% c% \' a9 X) J) _0 nsecondary to depression.
4 [9 ?3 B. j: d. d0 y1 IThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
3 X$ Q- }: a- g4 i! F& \The father would hug the baby and hold him on his2 f9 ]+ B; ?5 d+ Z8 C) t' s" C6 s
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-9 a$ M" T& E* z* w
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
& P9 ?4 N3 L' t. A6 tThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
8 H# h. |) _+ n( L5 _when he learned the testosterone level in the baby/ _9 l- }" P  E2 b0 V
was high, he then read the product information
9 t% y& x1 x* Q3 b' A5 ?' ~" Gpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' n( s) e  E5 L+ lson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they% p5 }  Q, W1 T( F7 y  W* H$ E" ^
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
  ]" W4 h7 u+ `$ S' z. X2 gfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
& r( u+ J8 M) Sbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone: e9 I) R+ d$ _8 q
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
) u  e& K# j$ h; a: k/ [laboratory to obtain the test.3 f- s8 @# E2 V: I( g5 ]
Discussion9 Y. R8 k& k6 K! l' M6 L2 e6 e
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
) S, Y6 }9 _' `  X7 k, `, Osexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
7 W+ S0 k1 v0 b, K1 b' TPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: \# E5 L0 T* |it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
+ Z9 H# M, |1 Q) ^. Ythalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-5 G% B5 D1 x$ d
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
, _' y7 P* m4 s% g4 u8 o+ Zmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
! B6 c. u& x' a4 `. m' Eresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-, k* s% |8 y$ W# L8 z7 \# P
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
) U; \. k% K6 m: w9 L5 E3 o- Asis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in) P; ~; s4 S' x' Z# G- b
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-! c5 v) X( ?4 l% e
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
) D& W* c* R9 ^6 a& Zrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by8 U) r; L$ b/ S5 Y  s* S
gonadotropins.1,3
0 `( a9 V" n8 z) yGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
/ d& }! s) n2 h3 ccious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate* m/ s* G. j: S
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or/ A$ f, e" G' F% a+ K
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-; t0 r# }- z7 F# |& e( ?, M9 P6 d
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
9 v3 _+ W1 ^/ C" x+ Ocongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& m4 \+ G- d, I# o0 s& @+ Badrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
& \1 \+ f/ F' |  Opuberty in boys.3,4
, g5 ^. j. U5 j! c! q. Y( S) EThe most common form of congenital adrenal7 n  O% v7 E$ U! [& G! Z" T* e4 V
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
9 A/ j" Q) p" z" y# r" j3 zThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in) x. s  ?9 o" C* i7 R! D
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,2 Z5 X5 _* \$ g% q+ T8 M8 M& ~/ C
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 g& ?" \6 _5 Lexcess.1,3
9 K5 {/ J3 y* B. x4 c* Xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 O! l9 z7 l6 Y3 Z542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007# e/ d1 w8 r# S
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& ], `( ^  V& D5 S* _; Kindependent precocious puberty, which is also known# S# E. V9 N. N; ~2 A$ S1 I/ f
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a" V4 z# E; S& \' ]
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
% r& u( ?% R6 C; i4 u8 J$ c( q/ {3 m0 @with this disorder are full pubertal development,
: y+ ^$ A+ k, Q- G9 |% aincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys# T- D" Z1 s- t& h
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
$ k5 G; s$ M9 `1 d  Xare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* E/ @9 u# h- z# k* J* @
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
4 O! s$ V. d0 T) areleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% W3 A+ n1 T# ^! F' [, X. _; W/ rautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
% ?; U- I. G8 w4 g: v* w" o0 Jmales; therefore, other male members of the family
5 q7 N5 N" h0 B4 m0 |may have similar precocious puberty.3
& V- d# P+ v1 h, U) A* K+ X) K( z! ZIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
8 K3 T. j6 J0 r6 a3 H% csistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-* R  p5 q6 Q* s' H( c8 G% z) F, O
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* V6 o; U% J) `7 U. }6 G
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
* @' N9 e# j) K& M/ C) Jstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
0 a" r# j" U: ^' rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the8 w, E% o# L4 u
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
0 E- R/ n3 `* ]7 x, r" \$ Fative initial history of androgen exposure, our6 z3 s/ V/ W# t3 c. _
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
1 M4 u. ?0 x( d( F! t. xeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
3 `& {* y, D' N* j# V) @6 p" `% ldeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
8 W" e" e; n" O& x. I2 ~! ]6 Aing the normal level of adrenal steroids.# d; t* D( ]% w. |$ Q+ o
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
+ X4 W% r8 }1 K2 s8 t- Jsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
+ O) g3 j1 `9 {+ k9 H! ^# U! ]; tthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-$ w- t+ f# |# w) P* U( q1 g4 q8 T9 f
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
/ H, R- o; r4 m6 `* h: I" c: ndecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-/ W! S% [' J4 q% _; U/ X% h0 t7 Y! }
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( N* C* d2 d* l# Iusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
4 n: o8 U! ]: H& A9 ^Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or% k, y+ a/ v) C- X# G; q6 B% I. |
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to* G# j, N8 `7 a$ H1 v* E
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
8 E7 }" b* R: W( G) F7 z) _Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the) v" l5 t6 D/ ~& E! w
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
5 Z* P6 M: ?0 I) a; G* G4 Ueven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 l  J" f2 Z# y6 S2 ]$ ipartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-) }$ S+ ^- y# ^& h
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; b# H; C" w) O
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,7 ?" c5 U  [( j4 |$ [/ K& F2 h
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that6 @& k: L# a3 j5 K
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
: c. @3 S5 Z) I% |7 M( l& j$ U8 d/ Z0 bterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more7 F5 ]4 [% b7 F5 t
active in young children exposed to testosterone
. e& O8 c2 q5 L2 A! `! {exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-9 s# t) {+ r9 Z
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
5 N# Y0 n" _: J/ |, i$ jvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
- v1 U) ?0 S! Y1 x8 |children results in an increase in growth velocity and9 I  p5 a" }- @% ^3 V9 S
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.# T: {) o0 \: R! g8 D
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during' L5 O' V; u) |; g7 c/ N
early childhood on pubertal development and final
& ~/ z" {  e6 Y6 R- r: [, Cadult height are not fully known and always remain
% C0 [+ w, C2 F1 J1 k; V/ Ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-4 k. P6 q* ~. u, l
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some% K7 i+ p4 W, n- w! X9 R5 k5 \
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after; Z9 E  F8 g# e  [, u: h$ m
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
+ z8 C; A3 p  kdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
# Q8 i- q1 L, n4 vThere are conflicting reports and controversy
7 C7 f7 M) K' i: p8 _: J  B$ aover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
8 Z$ R( H7 ?$ \! c6 _! O- O2 b0 Spenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal, N/ b0 y( g9 i
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-3 ~3 F: O5 t7 M; W# v+ l  C, ?8 L
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ r) p3 @, P* Q& R
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
; e" G9 m9 F( C: F" C$ ^0 cchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
9 f# i2 Z4 G/ {% }penile length in clinical studies.
- u' e' F1 ^8 @3 R! x- fNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. {4 q$ A! \1 K' Q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
& j4 T" d' ~6 u2 Ktestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because2 F& ~; S) G. q1 u$ W1 C
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
( m2 j3 j  S  e4 G+ nAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of4 @; F5 [! p9 d" T; x3 g( j: {
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at. s. |; Q8 K4 C, T: y! N
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
( ?- f$ h$ h. V, `height will not be affected.
/ Z/ f5 z: @  k& {1 e& o# KAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-! V( v* ?( c1 b9 Y& c, r
ability of androgen products in our society may
4 [& K, F" I, z4 j$ L$ f! findeed cause more virilization in male or female
1 L" c: G" A" W" }children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-2 B: J2 y$ \/ F) H7 o, P/ `
gen products must be considered and specific ques-' Y3 z( Q4 @/ ^) [, F0 ~, f
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or; N* W- V; u: i* s) u1 j
gel should be asked of the family members during3 f0 D, D! \/ |9 H, X' r' x
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-2 X1 b( f9 I9 i# a( N( d
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-7 Z2 Q7 A- ~& h* M2 Y7 e- _1 _" {
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
- R& e% V# w" L9 wappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
' |0 Y# `/ _; E5 whistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may# [: a4 d0 a. H3 f& e
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 H, X  l! g+ C! |' ?/ rinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
/ Z/ |6 u% a- z9 F& Qaware of this fact, because most of these children
- Q* }7 ^: |5 H. Q3 Wmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 z& j9 m" v0 c- x
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a) O$ d5 i5 ~& }! V& ^% i( U$ R( H
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# b+ |" n# n" d. g5 r7 ~) P, b/ i& Qfemale child who might come in contact with some-
9 k& g9 o. o3 t; mone using any of these products.& x2 T$ X" E2 V0 m
References* t* c! F' F; f; S
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation& q! y) o) X0 d+ Y
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
4 U" y" l/ g8 W( ?# N( P6 CEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;. I1 i; q7 f" W
2002: 565-628.) g( k! p$ I" M% e
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious( ~5 |2 {0 T- m0 |9 _- q. v
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
( I; ~! c9 L* r( Y# y% p1 GBoy Induced by Indirect Topical% A6 s- y# v* m1 j2 W# q5 |
Exposure to Testosterone
4 U3 Y: }; t" b1 v+ g+ \Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
$ A3 B6 o$ l4 u3 mand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 H6 g% R9 M# i) C, s
Clinical Pediatrics
7 g7 a. n; @7 }Volume 46 Number 6
4 H; D; n1 R/ s! A% v9 x3 YJuly 2007 540-543( ^1 E8 G1 f2 c. B- e
© 2007 Sage Publications
  t1 ^5 w) a* d; A2 B- \10.1177/0009922806296651
0 e+ D7 u# \8 {4 f4 @& W9 Q* ~  uhttp://clp.sagepub.com' ]3 S% G7 j7 d
hosted at* d/ G( h4 S; E  z
http://online.sagepub.com: T- B( i4 I4 `+ ?4 J' p! _0 X
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
1 g% ~; g6 f7 Yis a significant concern for physicians. Central) G# v& U& x) L! T0 F
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
7 M2 C  E! _" U* P( mthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
. R) v7 h- B0 B6 Pa higher incidence of organic central nervous system% [0 Q& ^8 e3 F9 w
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
/ o/ V( H; J+ \, E. Yby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
: z! W0 Y7 V7 W0 _8 thair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
6 q* ~- O! b1 I  E  ccles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We3 l9 `: q7 q0 e: {2 }7 b
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the$ y: A4 O7 j, i% c# b
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
! M# Y' Z+ p1 ?2 _' G7 v# Xment without testicular enlargement, which was due+ _/ W5 }0 R& ?1 U+ h! e5 b0 Y
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 _" X- k- ^. K$ F. pthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
$ g7 q7 w$ C6 y4 ]$ v' |mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this9 ~% w! I- P- x% \. ?5 u
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
1 H" p/ D" E) s: K0 o1 atestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
/ ~6 M# r8 T* `bly more common than the rare case report in the9 f+ Q% ?, D  b/ z- K. u: r, p
literature.4
  T8 \% i0 [  I2 v. ZPatient Report
9 D: w; P3 j+ XA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
7 z  M$ H% L& }endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
  `" K; I. g. N/ q# b7 jof early sexual development. His mother noticed
) c5 s6 |0 ^: `8 [, \light colored pubic hair development when he was
- X& U. F$ F0 i, n6 q2 _, AFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
) W# Z7 l0 J/ Z1 p# \' b% ISouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
7 @# _; r* W: k' F# ]( u+ \& PAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,, a( D7 l1 x0 i* b" Z, D( \
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of  ?# z1 f; D6 V3 O7 O7 N- R; c+ C
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;1 g: b+ o2 F/ Z: ]* V: u
e-mail: [email protected].4 I. X  U1 s0 o( t) k
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
" ~3 A6 ?8 C  ?5 K6 edarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
1 ^) P7 i6 H8 n! Cment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
# W# }0 t2 ~4 y) U& {was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
8 j7 P' |! q5 m- ?a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of2 k- p- ^$ y5 @' A' F7 R5 e
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year0 u+ l6 x4 v( F
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
" D) X2 I6 B+ ysolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,$ b! ^+ ]& g. @7 {1 q
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
/ a! g3 M3 l6 P* L0 i9 N) ywas age appropriate.
/ G& y0 X  @% e% A, pThe family history was remarkable for the father,
& Y( X* g0 o7 ]0 w. E/ rwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,* j9 v2 x4 ?7 T! F( T4 H, Z
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 x( p- C+ F: ^" E* C! `height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat2 W, ?' {. J& s) Z% v
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
; r' I0 c: l+ D% n" {. U  PThe father denied taking any other medication. The
. e# }' b" M. d5 d) D+ dchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche7 q0 r" U  D& j% Z5 E+ ?' ^
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet+ w" K  {# a9 x3 b  ^- F
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
2 o2 ]( _6 W7 w" e6 }# bcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-1 H2 B8 u+ h  e) P
tives. There were no siblings." v' I' l) Z: H8 \+ k- j3 U
Physical Examination
8 }) B, @& \9 |3 @# cThe physical examination revealed a very active,' }' h5 y, _# J8 K' U
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
1 E/ v3 R- g, X. ?. f4 ~; ?a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
6 R* O7 q; \  K" c9 l90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
4 ]. p1 D4 Y! O2 \(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
9 I. s, p! ]; M$ g( Y8 Cvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
* r& k1 A) E; n+ P2 Vthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.2 n* ?! i3 h+ V, v" ?0 q( ~
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
& c! T1 r1 P; i8 p  v7 N- s2 Eenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, k3 A$ A7 L' [/ Q8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
7 [1 i4 r+ m* a: X( t9 Wdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
, m- ]* }6 D3 P* q( {6 `% m540
- p4 }$ y- f1 |7 U, D; Jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* [3 x; d/ }" M- b( }, vthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 F6 u9 F+ {9 z( I  ?2 D/ R
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.5 E( b$ U3 T2 _; }/ C# j" h
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
& c* l2 N( W! K: S+ ioily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
; `: Q0 w9 b' w& X/ h8 dabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
% R( z/ U3 L; o" }0 w% k- CNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
% Q. I, c' C( Tbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion) [7 v2 ^$ k# b: T* k* Q
of papilledema.+ z$ D* L6 E5 \7 D
Laboratory Evaluation
0 N) M) b8 m- n9 aThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by+ I( G; n2 Y) O" N: `& v! ]! s
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-7 u( n: \4 V6 D$ n8 @' B$ b
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 U* I! y$ {) |6 o
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test8 ]( o# ^- `' \
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-9 s0 Z0 @  V. l
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
! b1 H" U4 H- _- K$ B5 l5 b  PThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
  a0 G  Y# X9 B  T9 L; Murea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
0 L: t) c) M/ bwithin normal range for his age. The concentration/ V* I1 F; ~8 D# c% e: U4 K
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 H! Q5 i% S( s& E- ?(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
* C0 s2 U! p) W" {4 yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
: t, Q2 |! a8 iterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
. e5 U3 [( c% sdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
6 Z" a  G' J) e, ^- {1 {  C3 n4 K49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
% q7 w9 x4 }/ m- |) Vwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-: l  r* c3 n4 Z/ G. X- O
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# b9 S- i& D- z1 |" ~
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),3 t5 T; X+ Q# V) D9 h; g( |
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than$ N1 I& e2 e- O, P$ ~
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
6 E2 V( D- P) G) \stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
2 t1 T+ J8 K" K- `' @/ Yconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
. I8 Z; v, s3 G2 ~(prepubertal).) B1 C1 R1 w/ {5 Y
The parents were notified about the laboratory
9 U0 f6 E6 I1 C3 _& M" Yresults and were informed that all of the tests were" x( v( B, P  A# x
normal except the testosterone level was high. The$ |! t; R: F  u& Y( ^" ^  e% H: A4 l
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
' R, J" U2 \$ e! B. i" Zobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
$ j5 I$ m! _1 P7 s$ Z% {ever, the family did not return for 4 months.  F: `3 o! a0 r( g2 q4 S% I
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
. I# F/ Y5 @1 f0 y& _. {6 o/ t6 Lchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 m: t  D% y( `6 J! K" j; ]& \
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained8 C* L: q1 P/ U  G8 z/ n
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-( E1 W0 z( T5 G( h
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at. t. d, p1 Z) e& }
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2- j5 E* h! O4 h. l
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.; `7 y3 _/ [0 x! r
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-8 H. b8 @7 {6 j" ?1 P4 L2 m
ing frequent erections.
- u' w+ i: n6 F6 A# TBoth parents were again questioned about use of  N9 c1 `1 c; c4 D, p2 ^  X# M
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to- s' V" m/ I7 L. W0 Q8 R; A' U
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
" A0 U; N7 Z" L7 N- j$ \; @Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5414 l+ y2 k4 {- ?2 a6 m. h/ k4 P' r
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-; s3 C; Z9 f7 a
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
/ O8 z9 m) ~7 e) L9 Ia year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed) n6 R  H+ e& x( C( t- H+ G
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-. W0 m2 D( I( A$ m1 A* t  |
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido( k. A/ n$ P/ N) O
secondary to depression./ c- F7 `. h$ E) G( i
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
( o. J8 R" s( h3 o( QThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
% W3 g5 j/ m7 @) J& tchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-5 T, w! s: ?0 n/ l* B. S3 t# @
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
0 |9 H3 f7 Z! v! a" z3 rThe father also admitted that after the phone call,7 W4 e+ U2 z2 T' O) Q! ^: l* W2 |
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby5 R" f" {. j" r
was high, he then read the product information
3 d. r- W! ]' G) @" cpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-- w8 a  E* D9 w2 u. v6 C  w8 z( l
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they4 v0 w* i: O" G) y: Q) @9 z% e
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
9 e& h3 e4 m" ?5 Z2 ]father was not hugging him with bare skin and had/ o  u1 c  c( x! X7 R, W5 S5 p
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* b  m& v1 R6 A7 s1 qtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the% @, B1 Z$ H2 T
laboratory to obtain the test.
9 ]5 Y3 O+ o2 _: w$ D0 t! q+ s5 KDiscussion
0 M9 g" ]. b/ n3 F! R5 N: U; DPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
* q2 }8 b# L( c( q1 U" [5 y5 _6 Ssexual development before 9 years of age.1,4# k; F# J! p3 ]: C3 \: v
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
4 A. ~2 C3 A. P9 z) i, _8 Lit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( v& E* B" |) Fthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
0 c- \5 Y; i6 t! {  s% ]3 rmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP7 q. W- b! d7 G, w" m* T$ N
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
% ^& N! q! {1 z$ D3 sresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-! [- E6 F8 Y6 p7 W
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
6 G) l1 ~& P/ i" [; Rsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in" D! \$ |6 J1 V- @& i! y9 g
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
7 P. F- T8 ]- Iization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
" g' H1 R4 t; \+ G- B& xrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by/ Y2 d* g* o. h$ w
gonadotropins.1,3, b- l+ M& T. _* |( I2 j" b9 ]
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
) c6 n3 T# G5 Q# ^& d" C) `6 o9 Jcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
+ y) S2 }6 L! e9 y6 ~+ L" Sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or( d" w$ o6 A3 O8 H5 H& S
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-) t9 O& S3 R* B) ~* {% U
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing- p0 O2 ]  K: `, e1 z) a& F
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive) @0 `8 w9 {, ^  V) ]
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ Q+ N1 I' d) Q+ a
puberty in boys.3,4- P9 {( ~' l( @: J# F
The most common form of congenital adrenal9 I& S" u; \) D9 ~5 H4 `& n
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.8 u/ i) z4 C4 c5 X/ X
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in0 l4 E# P5 D! f8 t# n3 {7 K* b" k
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
! W' x5 g, h! I  k0 \+ ^; ]an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen0 d. Z% w: k; N: V2 e2 u2 h9 G4 j
excess.1,3  |& e& m  F" O; t( U" I! G
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: n; y! L, i6 {3 j+ p, l5 q: e
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
* g0 \- `. ]2 I' e; d) lA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-, {+ c+ }. J9 A6 E1 F1 {3 b4 E
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
/ {( c2 D  t- l; |8 \as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a" T9 |/ V' `1 H! {% J1 w2 a
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
$ Q: ]$ V0 [" p- }with this disorder are full pubertal development,! B, T# u5 g. w: q: K
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys( p; A: k  Z7 r
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
8 q5 L2 Q  p5 s. v6 Q- a3 ^& ]are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show, _. p  C4 O; E( K
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-0 o4 U" h8 y6 ]7 r2 Z0 y: x7 l
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked; n! @* ~+ q* i: D
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
* \  P& m* U* F6 f/ |males; therefore, other male members of the family
' q3 J( s  Y. P. nmay have similar precocious puberty.3
( q+ W* t# j" JIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
! r+ `) N" c, u, rsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
% q0 H. }& b) ?0 b$ Qcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; X8 i' @; M5 B% twas in the differential diagnosis because his father
3 L# ^+ C  U7 v# Pstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
  o0 p$ t; B- g+ C# A/ etesticular enlargement is not that evident in the+ F$ {: D0 H& @; S9 T
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* _$ r8 L! O( uative initial history of androgen exposure, our! W' O( ]' [9 J! }7 B& d
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
& y$ F" t  g+ B$ B' ^8 peither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 S9 ~# F. r, W; @/ j2 G" |
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-/ Z8 b0 A' @3 \, `# J+ J  G
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.. f8 s2 t- l2 O# A( g7 G
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly2 H9 y& W1 P# u& Y4 B1 `* g* Y
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because% c0 f  x$ H" R# w& T
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-; \9 ~  a9 w  M5 }) {
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
  O( L0 t( z! _; Z  Q0 l2 ~decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
7 H9 U1 {0 ]8 I* Z! n5 A9 gterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was" R2 z3 X" j/ y$ Q$ y: B+ T
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’: t5 a: Q& J9 i( ^1 A. u& D# I4 H( n
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or4 I6 `% @8 J7 Q
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
3 W7 q. R# I$ Z3 d3 N0 }& dunprotected females through direct skin exposure.( z$ g* y4 G$ k  |( {, [. b2 ?$ u
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
0 @; d1 [5 l/ obaseline value in those females who were exposed to% H- m# |5 q# g- H' }
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
% X& ~5 g1 b2 r5 mpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
' g* ?) \6 U. stion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
% E8 @, p0 s4 h* oOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
& ]( c4 s1 u  z+ G; N4 Qwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
( y0 b8 l1 J1 _6 Ndermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-+ J2 v+ c" N3 m' |4 s9 G
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
# B! u" M5 u- I; ~; \" Nactive in young children exposed to testosterone
, i# w; T* R* ~, H1 ]& r; J! wexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
  L" v& m, F! t1 X. O9 Bdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to+ e+ ^" |. V0 m. O
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in) n0 S& w5 B$ Y5 b0 R6 d
children results in an increase in growth velocity and- k$ c, B5 K( s1 ~6 k, A
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
* [3 i# b7 F$ l& D9 E) |) ^1 EThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
; n1 |% O: Y4 s0 ~6 I1 vearly childhood on pubertal development and final
- o. F; t4 t( v' }+ G2 Sadult height are not fully known and always remain
4 a- U8 x% t% _0 \3 Y9 g- Wa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-& [4 u1 a4 A# @2 `: D/ J
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
5 `6 m: W. C8 d# ^* uacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
: n& c' F% N6 ccessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation/ v/ u6 R: c/ Y8 \6 e: \
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
4 V% p* Q6 s6 cThere are conflicting reports and controversy
; _! d7 I9 c. V5 o/ {8 r& t4 Rover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult8 f3 V" ]) j* E9 e0 T5 l! \
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
' `2 `: W: g" j& ], _- Nadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-* D2 W$ |; s6 ?/ Z
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
* \5 B4 x" P$ ^0 `Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
! n. `4 o# B4 W1 j% _$ A6 b: {childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
; A) e; s' u0 A+ c, rpenile length in clinical studies.' A3 R( r5 a* {9 `) K* h
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is% q3 J/ n6 m1 f1 y5 E
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
9 K5 Y" ?7 y) ^% }4 stestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because# l* t: b1 y+ {; |' p" U6 n; B
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
& N) S$ }! c" N: S, |Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
: r; V5 M: X, O  Y# Z( ndiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
9 N* k4 V; a6 L! n+ p9 G. W) }the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
2 W4 d5 J# v8 R; N8 ?1 p7 R6 _height will not be affected.
$ b5 o* Z7 |( T/ ]- ]' d$ HAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
3 e- p& ?2 i) f! }ability of androgen products in our society may
8 \5 n6 R6 U; x0 J: U+ }' Gindeed cause more virilization in male or female
5 o# m' T0 c$ w  K  }! l2 uchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
# g, a6 @, Z0 ?; ~gen products must be considered and specific ques-
- ~; [, e) d( S  ], h" n3 h0 S2 e( Xtioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 A2 B5 j! b) ~: A  h
gel should be asked of the family members during; Q8 o  n+ Q4 v3 ^
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-4 w) y0 R* s. i) |4 m* y  ^
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-) {: X7 `) X. X7 d2 G+ a
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 ~* [5 N; S: V# R
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
# d% o" W7 l& k; V  J6 q: Whistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may0 T$ h' D2 |0 t
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive- q/ d) L* @  K% J) N8 @
investigation. The primary care physician should be) J. f6 ^, E% S+ T5 x2 m+ g' n+ x
aware of this fact, because most of these children
* Y- q' R9 Q0 N$ g5 G! _7 n! cmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’- o: \  N8 j: x5 K9 U3 @) \
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a# x2 [; u9 {4 h6 c; |4 f
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
% {  F, {- M1 Ufemale child who might come in contact with some-7 l) K! K4 {+ i2 @& E
one using any of these products.' o- X: f  K8 z. i5 ?% T
References
2 [/ A4 y  h/ D; J; i+ V3 P2 ]8 \: B0 R5 ?1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
4 W; P3 V( y- O1 t4 vand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
* ?, h% a2 _( r" DEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
! x$ w/ t/ X/ t" `2002: 565-628.5 L2 t: F; `8 M" p$ R- [7 C
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious2 h! i" E4 H- W6 s! M- K
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

2 g9 P* E% ~6 R$ Q" f精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-11 12:31:56 | 顯示全部樓層
么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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